An Electronic Voting System Immune to Coercion and Bribery from Cross Layers in Large Scale Election

This paper classifies the bribery and coercion prevention E-voting schemes into five levels and proposes a novel electronic voting scheme that can achieve Level 4 by using blind signature with subliminal channel. With the proposed scheme, under the threat of violence/allurement of substance, voter can still fulfill his/her own will to vote for his chosen candidate through subliminal channel. Besides, this study suggests the use of the smart-card mechanism to protect against the subliminal-free channel counter attack from the coercer or briber, and thus allows the Arbitration Authentication Center to easily and clearly identify the content of the subliminal message and determines which candidate the voter really intends to vote for.