Vahe Permzadian

Does test format affect learning? A meta-analysis comparing the effect of closed-book and open-book examinations

2025 · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of open-book examinations (OBE) in higher education has increased compared to closed-book examinations (CBE), raising questions about the relative efficacy of these two major examination formats. We review the …