Alejandro Rafael Rodríguez Guerra

Who Bears the Cost? The EU's Emerging Answer to AI Training and Copyright

2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

In November 2025, the Munich Regional Court held, in GEMA v OpenAI, that training a language model on copyrighted material without a licence infringes German copyright law where the model memorises and verbatim-reproduces protected expression. …