Determining the Content Validity of Empathy Questionnaire Instrument through Aiken Index for Elementary School Students in Handball

This study aims to evaluate the content validity of the empathy questionnaire instrument developed to measure empathy among upper elementary school students aged 10–11 in physical education, specifically in handball. The content validity of the instrument was tested using the Aiken index, involving five expert lecturers as evaluators. The experts assessed the relevance and adequacy of the instrument items using a Likert scale with four response options (1–4). The analysis results showed that all instrument items had Aiken values ranging from 0.87 to 1, indicating validity. Items with the highest Aiken value (1) indicated that these items were considered very valid by all experts. Conversely, items with the lowest Aiken value (0.87) still exceeded the minimum threshold accepted for content validity, leading to the conclusion that this instrument is suitable for use without significant revisions. Thus, these instruments can be considered valid and relevant for measuring student empathy in physical education. This study suggests that the use of this empathy questionnaire instrument can accurately evaluate the aspects of empathy being measured and make a significant contribution to the development of students’ empathy through sports learning. Furthermore, this instrument can be implemented in broader research to validate the results and support the development of empathy in physical education.