Analytical Energy Gradient for State-Averaged Orbital-Optimized Variational Quantum Eigensolvers and Its Application to a Photochemical Reaction

Elucidating photochemical reactions is vital to understanding various biochemical phenomena and developing functional materials such as artificial photosynthesis and organic solar cells, albeit with notorious difficulty in both experiments and theories. The best theoretical way so far to analyze photochemical reactions at the level of ab initio electronic structure is the state-averaged multiconfigurational self-consistent field (SA-MCSCF) method. However, the exponential computational cost of classical computers with the increasing number of molecular orbitals hinders applications of SA-MCSCF for large systems we are interested in. Utilizing quantum computers was recently proposed as a promising approach to overcome such computational cost, dubbed as state-averaged orbital-optimized variational quantum eigensolver (SA-OO-VQE). Here, we extend a theory of SA-OO-VQE so that analytical gradients of energy can be evaluated by standard techniques that are feasible with near-term quantum computers. The analytical gradients, known only for the state-specific OO-VQE in previous studies, allow us to determine various characteristics of photochemical reactions such as the conical intersection (CI) points. We perform a proof-of-principle calculation of our methods by applying it to the photochemical cis–trans isomerization of 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. Numerical simulations of quantum circuits and measurements can correctly capture the photochemical reaction pathway of this model system, including the CI points. Our results illustrate the possibility of leveraging quantum computers for studying photochemical reactions.