Blockchain-Enabled Secure Energy Transactions for Scalable and Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Solar Energy Trading with Dynamic Pricing

Decentralized energy trading has been designed as a scalable substitute for traditional electricity markets. While blockchain technology facilitates efficient transparency and automation for peer-to-peer energy trading, the majority of current proposals lack real-time intelligence and adaptability concerning pricing strategies. This paper presents an innovative machine learning-driven solar energy trading platform on the Ethereum blockchain that uniquely integrates Bayesian-optimized XGBoost models with dynamic pricing mechanisms inherently incorporated within smart contracts. The principal innovation resides in the real-time amalgamation of meteorological data via Chainlink oracles with machine learning-enhanced price optimization, thereby establishing an adaptive system that autonomously responds to fluctuations in supply and demand. In contrast to existing static pricing methodologies, our framework introduces a multi-faceted dynamic pricing model that encompasses peak-hour adjustments, prediction confidence weighting, and weather-influenced corrections. The system dynamically establishes energy prices predicated on real-time supply–demand forecasts through the implementation of role-based access control, cryptographic hash functions, and ongoing integration of meteorological and machine learning data. Utilizing real-world meteorological data from La Trobe University’s UNISOLAR dataset, the Bayesian-optimized XGBoost model attains a remarkable prediction accuracy of 97.45% while facilitating low-latency price updates at 30 min intervals. The proposed system delivers robust transaction validation, secure offer creation, and scalable dynamic pricing through the seamless amalgamation of off-chain machine learning inference with on-chain smart contract execution, thereby providing a validated platform for trustless, real-time, and intelligent decentralized energy markets that effectively address the disparity between theoretical blockchain energy trading and practical implementation needs.