CSL learners’ acceptance and use of ChatGPT: an extended technology readiness and technology acceptance model

As an advanced chatbot based on a large language model, ChatGPT receives widespread attention in the field of education, with its emergence potentially prompting a transformation in language learning methods. In this context, the present study extends the Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model (TRAM) by introducing Trust (TRU) to examine Chinese as a Second Language (CSL) learners’ acceptance and use of ChatGPT. A total of 331 valid questionnaires were collected, and a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was employed to assess the reliability and validity of the model. Based on the SEM results, the study reveals the following findings: (1) The hypothesized model accounts for 76% of the variance in CSL learners’ adoption and acceptance of ChatGPT; (2) Optimism (OPT) and Innovativeness (INN) serve as positive factors in Technology Readiness (TR) can significantly influence Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU). However, INN does not emerge as a significant predictor of PU; (3) The negative TR factors have differentiated effects—Discomfort (DIS) significantly reduces PEOU, Insecurity (INS) significantly reduces PU, and shows a positive association with PEOU; (4) The newly added construct TRU positively and significantly influences both PEOU and PU; (5) Among the traditional hypotheses based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), three are supported: PEOU on PU, PU on Attitude toward use (ATU), and ATU on Intention to use (ITU). However, the relationship between PEOU and ATU is not significant, and neither PEOU nor PU significantly influences ITU. This study provides a strong theoretical basis for understanding and anticipating CSL learners’ acceptance and use of ChatGPT in mature-use contexts; the extended TRAM explains substantial variance (R² = 0.74–0.90). The findings provide valuable pedagogical implications for international Chinese language education by showing how TRU and TR can guide learners and instructors in effectively integrating ChatGPT into Chinese language learning.