Blockchain-Based Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for Service-Centric 6G Networks: An Evolutionary Approach

The ongoing evolution of network technology and increasing service requirements have positioned spectrum resource management and exploration as a central focus in current and future network research. To accommodate the diverse services anticipated in future 6 G networks, dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) must be implemented across multiple factors to optimize the utilization of existing resources, in addition to exploring new frequency bands. This article proposes BEE, a two-stage, sharding blockchain-based DSS mechanism designed for service-centric 6 G networks operating across various frequency bands. In the first stage, BEE utilizes an improved evolutionary algorithm to establish a fine-grained spectrum allocation scheme, facilitating dynamic spectrum management between providers and requesters. In the second stage, BEE offers price-guided spectrum trading for operators and users, utilizing evolutionary game theory to maximize the number of served users. The security analysis demonstrates that BEE provides a secure and reliable platform for DSS. Furthermore, simulation results demonstrate that BEE effectively improves spectrum utilization across various factors and offers operators effective guidance for price adjustments, thereby meeting the personalized spectrum management needs of 6 G networks.