The development of RBL-STEM learning materials to improve students' metaliteracy in solving watermarking image problems using rainbow antimagic coloring

The rapid development of information in this era emphasizes the importance of improving students' metaliteracy skills. One of the models and approaches that can be applied is Research Based Learning (RBL) integrated with Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). The purpose of this study is to identify RBL-STEM activities, explain the steps and results of creating RBL-STEM learning materials, and examine data on the results of creating learning resources to increase students' metaliteracy level. Research and development (R&D) was the methodology used. The products of this research are the results of the development of learning tools in the form of students’ assignment designs, students’ worksheets, and learning outcome tests. The learning tool development process yielded data that met a validity requirement of 95.5%. The trial involved 40 students’, and the use of the RBL-STEM learning resources was found to be effective with a 96.77% effectiveness criterion and practical with a 97.71% practicality criterion. In addition, students’ responded positively to the learning experience and were highly engaged. Students’ metaliteracy increased as they solved rainbow antimagic coloring problems, according to the pretest and posttest study. This study also identified three levels of metaliteracy proficiency: high, medium, and low. The research findings were validated using statistical analysis, phase image, N-Vivo, and word cloud, which also demonstrated an improvement in students’ metaliteracy skills. Thus, RBL-STEM has the potential to improve students' metaliteracy in real-world contexts, such as the application of watermarking image.