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Chaos-Based Useful Information Principle: A Novel Framework to Resolve Levinthal’s Paradox in Protein Folding

2025

Levinthal’s Paradox poses a fundamental challenge in protein folding: how do proteins like cytochrome c (104 residues) achieve their native states in milliseconds despite 3^104 ≈ 10^49 possible conformations? The Free-Energy Principle (FEP) models adaptation …