Relationships Among Impulsivity, Keystroke Patterns, and Learning Outcomes in Middle School Students' Online Problem-Solving Tasks: A Latent Profile Analysis

This study investigated associations among students' impulsivity, engagement patterns, and learning outcomes during online problem-solving.Using latent profile analysis, we analyzed keystroke data from 788 middle school students during Korean language problemsolving tasks, with impulsivity scores and learning outcomes including correct answer, comprehension, and attitude scores.Results revealed two distinct patterns: Profile 1 showed lower total keystroke count and longer release-press duration than Profile 2. Impulsivity did not correlate with keystroke patterns; however, lower impulsivity and Profile 2 keystroke patterns were associated with better learning outcomes.Findings suggest keystroke patterns provide meaningful insights about student engagement and performance during online problem-solving.